{"id":1399,"date":"2014-01-08T10:31:49","date_gmt":"2014-01-08T09:31:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ozinzen.com\/blog\/?p=1399"},"modified":"2014-08-24T08:15:25","modified_gmt":"2014-08-24T06:15:25","slug":"comment-lutter-contre-la-fatigue-intellectuelle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozinzen.com\/blog\/comment-lutter-contre-la-fatigue-intellectuelle\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment lutter contre la fatigue intellectuelle ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1402\" src=\"http:\/\/ozinzen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/fatigue-mentale.jpg\" alt=\"fatigue mentale\" width=\"266\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ozinzen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/fatigue-mentale.jpg 266w, https:\/\/ozinzen.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/fatigue-mentale-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\" \/><\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Partie un : Le r\u00f4le du sommeil<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ressentir une grande fatigue intellectuelle apr\u00e8s une journ\u00e9e de travail est tr\u00e8s commun.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">L\u2019accumulation d\u2019activit\u00e9s stressantes produit cette fatigue mentale, \u00e0 distinguer de la fatigue due \u00e0 une maladie ou \u00e0 des sentiments n\u00e9gatifs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">La fatigue intellectuelle se traduit par :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Une difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 se concentrer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Une perte de motivation \u00e0 accomplir une t\u00e2che.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Une sensation de penser au ralenti.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Une m\u00e9moire moins efficace.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Comment lutter contre ce brouillard mental ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Divers produits permettent de lutter contre la fatigue intellectuelle, par exemple : le ginseng, la caf\u00e9ine, la vitamine C, etc. La meilleure m\u00e9thode reste tout simplement une bonne nuit de sommeil pour remettre les compteurs \u00e0 z\u00e9ro.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le sommeil et la fatigue intellectuelle<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le sommeil est un besoin vital chez tous les animaux. L\u2019absence de sommeil va tuer plus rapidement que l\u2019absence de nourriture.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En 1964, un jeune homme de 17 ans, Randy Gardner, est rest\u00e9 \u00e9veill\u00e9 pendant 11 jours sous contr\u00f4le m\u00e9dical. Ce type d\u2019exp\u00e9rience est \u00e0 proscrire en raison des dangers potentiels pour la sant\u00e9. Il est probable qu\u2019au cours de ce \u00ab record \u00bb, Randy Gardner ait travers\u00e9 des p\u00e9riodes de sommeil tr\u00e8s courtes qui n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tect\u00e9es avec les moyens techniques de l\u2019\u00e9poque.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le cerveau humain est le syst\u00e8me le plus complexe connu. Voici un d\u00e9but d\u2019explication sur les origines de la fatigue mentale, et comment le sommeil annule cette fatigue.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne DRO<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Des d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne ( appel\u00e9s \u00e9galement<strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> radicaux libres<\/span><\/strong> ) sont produits par les cellules au cours de leurs fonctionnements. La formation de DRO est permanente dans le corps humain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Ces DRO provoquent un stress oxydant, ils endommagent les cellules. Les membranes des cellules faites de lipides sont sensibles aux DRO, tout comme l\u2019ADN et les prot\u00e9ines du corps humain.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Les mol\u00e9cules antioxydantes<\/span><\/strong>, comme par exemple la vitamine C, agissent contre les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts des DRO. Ces mol\u00e9cules antioxydantes peuvent \u00eatre produites par le corps ou \u00eatre issues de l\u2019alimentation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En cas de stress important ( le surmenage par exemple ) la production de DRO va \u00eatre augment\u00e9e. Le corps humain n\u2019aura alors plus suffisamment d\u2019antioxydant \u00e0 sa disposition pour contrer l\u2019effet des DRO, et le stress oxydatif va endommager les cellules.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En raison de sa grande complexit\u00e9, le cerveau est particuli\u00e8rement fragile et vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 ce stress oxydatif.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le besoin vital de sommeil serait donc expliqu\u00e9 par la lutte contre l\u2019accumulation de DRO dans le cerveau. Durant certaines phases du sommeil, l\u2019activit\u00e9 du cerveau va diminuer, et la production de DRO \u00e9galement. Le sommeil va permettre de \u00ab nettoyer \u00bb l\u2019exc\u00e8s de DRO accumul\u00e9 dans la phase d\u2019\u00e9veil.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Bien entendu le r\u00f4le du sommeil ne se limite pas \u00e0 la lutte contre les DRO, le sommeil remplit d\u2019autres fonctions comme par exemple dans le processus de m\u00e9morisation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne : le r\u00f4le des microglies<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pr\u00e9sentation des microglies :<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les microglies sont les cellules qui assurent la d\u00e9fense immunitaire du cerveau. Ces cellules ont de nombreuses fonctions.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Des scientifiques ont \u00e9mis l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se que les microglies \u00e9liminent des connexions entre neurones, les connexions non utilis\u00e9es, afin d\u2019augmenter l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des connexions utiles. Les microglies joueraient donc un r\u00f4le important dans la plasticit\u00e9 du cerveau.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les microglies peuvent augmenter ou diminuer le processus d\u2019inflammation. En cas de stress important, les microglies produisent des mol\u00e9cules de signal, les cytokines, qui sont pro-inflammatoires.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les microglies peuvent d\u00e9truire les cellules infectieuses par contact direct en les \u00ab avalant \u00bb (phagocytose).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les microglies peuvent \u00e9galement produire des substances toxiques pour lutter contres les cellules infectieuses. Par exemple les microglies sont capables de produire des d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne dans ce but.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Selon l\u2019\u00e9tude suivante, en cas de stress important les microglies peuvent produire trop de d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne, ce qui finit par entra\u00eener des dommages dans le cerveau.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cette production trop importante de DRO \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 une r\u00e9action de d\u00e9fense disproportionn\u00e9e, qui se retourne alors contre l\u2019organisme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Oxidative Stress and the Aging Brain: From Theory to Prevention<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Carmelina Gemma, Jennifer Vila, Adam Bachstetter, and Paula C. Bickford.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It has been proposed that the increase in brain microglial activation may be one of the early events that leads to oxidative damage. Activated microglia are indeed the most abundant source of free radicals in the brain and release radicals such as superoxide and nitric oxide<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les raisons de la fatigue mentale<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En cas de fatigue mentale, la capacit\u00e9 du cerveau \u00e0 traiter l\u2019information est diminu\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les neurotransmetteurs permettent le traitement de l\u2019information par le cerveau. <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Le glutamate<\/span><\/strong> est le neurotransmetteur le plus abondant dans le cerveau.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les neurotransmetteurs servent \u00e0 envoyer des signaux entre les neurones. Les neurotransmetteurs sont alors d\u00e9vers\u00e9s dans la synapse. La synapse est la zone de communication entre deux neurones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Des r\u00e9cepteurs sp\u00e9cifiques captent le glutamate, ce qui va permettre le passage de l\u2019information entre deux neurones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Apr\u00e8s le passage du signal entre deux neurones, le glutamate qui n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 capt\u00e9 par ces r\u00e9cepteurs sp\u00e9cifiques doit \u00eatre \u00ab nettoy\u00e9 \u00bb, afin qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait pas de perturbation au cours de la prochaine transmission d\u2019information entre les deux neurones.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">La concentration en glutamate dans l\u2019espace extracellulaire doit \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 un seuil fixe, afin que la transmission d\u2019information soit optimum.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En effet si la concentration en glutamate est trop \u00e9lev\u00e9e, le passage de l\u2019information sera masqu\u00e9 par les mol\u00e9cules de glutamate pr\u00e9sentes dans l\u2019espace extracellulaire.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pour faire une analogie avec la vie courante, lorsqu\u2019on \u00e9coute quelqu\u2019un parler, on comprend clairement sa parole \u00e0 condition que le bruit de fond soit inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 une certaine valeur. Le passage de l\u2019information n\u2019a lieu qu\u2019\u00e0 certaines conditions, en particulier l\u2019absence de perturbations trop importantes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Pour plus de d\u00e9tail, consulter l\u2019\u00e9tude suivante :<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">On the potential role of glutamate transport in mental fatigue<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Lars R\u00f6nnb\u00e4ck and Elisabeth Hansson<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"> <a title=\"Voir le document\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jneuroinflammation.com\/content\/1\/1\/22\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.jneuroinflammation.com\/content\/1\/1\/22<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">It may be that mental fatigue is a stereotypical reaction to disturbance of \u00ab\u00a0higher\u00a0\u00bb brain functions. The brain, with its billions of specialized neurons and supporting glial cells, works as a \u00ab\u00a0whole\u00a0\u00bb organ. Every disturbance of brain homeostasis, no matter where the anatomical localization is, would therefore attenuate brain capacity for information processing and, as a consequence, information intake. One way to diminish information intake and processing at the cellular level would be to impair glutamate neurotransmission by attenuating the glial support and especially diminishing the astroglial capacity to clear [Glu]ec. The initial consequence would be slightly increased [Glu]ec, with less precision in glutamate transmission. This would disintegrate the \u00ab\u00a0filter\u00a0\u00bb, which normally selects information and prevents it from reaching the cerebral cortex. We can take the sound from a low-frequency fan as an example. This sound is normally sorted out after hearing it for a while. If this sound is handled with less precision by auditory recognition systems, it will continually be recognized by brain centers as \u00ab\u00a0new\u00a0\u00bb information and be processed in the cerebral cortex as long as the sound is on. The \u00ab\u00a0filter\u00a0\u00bb that normally restrains already recognized information from reaching higher brain centers, has been \u00ab\u00a0opened\u00a0\u00bb. From a physiological point of view, it seems appropriate that the individual, and not the brain at the synaptic level, should determine which information should reach, and be processed by, the cerebral cortex. The decreased attention, increased loudness and light sensitivity, and irritability could be physiological ways of avoiding overstimulation of higher cortical centers. In case the individuals cannot protect themselves from too much sensory stimulation, the filter&rsquo;s opening leads to overstimulation of the cerebral cortex. Here, the final shutdown of the glutamate transmission could be one mechanism underlying mental exhaustion<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">R\u00f4le des astrocytes dans le captage des neurotransmetteurs en exc\u00e8s<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Dans le cerveau, les cellules appel\u00e9es <strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">astrocytes<\/span><\/strong> assurent le \u00ab nettoyage \u00bb des neurotransmetteurs en exc\u00e8s. Ces astrocytes vont r\u00e9duire le \u00ab bruit de fond \u00bb d\u00e9crit auparavant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne r\u00e9duisent l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des astrocytes \u00e0 capter les mol\u00e9cules de glutamate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">D\u2019autres mol\u00e9cules r\u00e9duisent l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des astrocytes, comme par exemple les cytokines pro-inflammatoires.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">R\u00e9sum\u00e9 concernant la fatigue mentale et le sommeil <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Les activit\u00e9s stressantes vont augmenter la concentration en d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne dans le cerveau. Cela produit un stress oxydatif qui attaque les cellules du cerveau.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">De plus le stress peut entra\u00eener la production de mol\u00e9cules de signal pro-inflammatoires (les cytokines) par les microglies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Le stress oxydatif, et les mol\u00e9cules pro-inflammatoires vont diminuer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des astrocytes \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser la concentration en glutamate, un neurotransmetteur, dans l\u2019espace extra-cellulaire.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du passage de l\u2019information entre neurones est diminu\u00e9e, le cerveau est en plein brouillard mental.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Un des r\u00f4les fondamentaux du sommeil est de diminuer la concentration en d\u00e9riv\u00e9s r\u00e9actifs de l&rsquo;oxyg\u00e8ne dans le cerveau, ces DRO endommagent les cellules du cerveau et perturbent le traitement de l\u2019information.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1402,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[41],"class_list":{"0":"post-1399","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-sante","8":"tag-fatigue","9":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Comment lutter contre la fatigue intellectuelle ? 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